K. Leus

A series of sulfonic acid functionalized mixed-linker DUT-4 analogues: synthesis, gas sorption properties and catalytic performance

G. Wang, K. Leus, K. Hendrickx, J. Wieme, H. Depauw, Y-Y Liu, V. Van Speybroeck, P. Van der Voort
Dalton Transactions
46, 14356
2017
A1

Abstract 

In this work, we present the successful synthesis of a series of sulfonic acid functionalized mixed-linker metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) having the DUT-4 topology by using different ratios of 2,6-naphthalenedicarboxylic acid (H2-NDC) and 4,8-disulfonaphthalene-2,6-dicarboxylic acid (H2-NDC-2SO3H) in one-pot reactions. The obtained materials were fully characterized and their CO2 adsorption properties at low and high pressures were studied and compared with those of the pristine DUT-4 material. Generally, the CO2 adsorption capacities range from 3.28 and 1.36 mmol g−1 for DUT-4 to 1.54 and 0.78 mmol g−1 for DUT-4-SO3H (50) up to 1 bar at 273 K and 303 K, respectively. Computational calculations corroborated the structural changes of the material in function of the loading of sulfonic acid groups. Furthermore, due to the strong Brønsted acid character, the resulting sulfonic acid based MOF material was evaluated as a catalyst for the ring opening of styrene oxide with methanol as a nucleophile under mild conditions, showing almost full conversion (99%) after 5 hours of reaction. A hot filtration experiment demonstrated that the catalysis occurred heterogeneously and the catalyst could be recovered and reused for multiple runs without significant loss in activity and crystallinity.

DOI 

http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/C7DT02752D

Biocompatible Zr-based nanoscale MOFs coated with modified poly (epsilon-caprolactone) as anticancer drug carriers

M. Filippousi, S. Turner, K. Leus, P.I. Siafaka, E.D. Tseligka, M. Vandichel, S.G. Nanaki, I.S. Vizirianakis, D.N. Bikiaris, P. Van der Voort, G. Van Tendeloo
International Journal of Pharmaceutics
509, 1-2, 208-218
2016
A1

Abstract 

Nanoscale Zr-based metal organic frameworks (MOFs) UiO-66 and UiO-67 were studied as potential anticancer drug delivery vehicles. Two model drugs were used, hydrophobic paclitaxel and hydrophilic cisplatin, and were adsorbed onto/into the nano MOFs (NMOFs). The drug loaded MOFs were further encapsulated inside a modified poly(epsilon-caprolactone) with D-alpha-tocopheryl polyethylene glycol succinate polymeric matrix, in the form of microparticles, in order to prepare sustained release formulations and to reduce the drug toxicity. The drugs physical state and release rate was studied at 37 degrees C using Simulated Body Fluid. It was found that the drug release depends on the interaction between the MOFs and the drugs while the controlled release rates can be attributed to the microencapsulated formulations. The in vitro antitumor activity was assessed using HSC-3 (human oral squamous carcinoma; head and neck) and U-87 MG (human glioblastoma grade IV; astrocytoma) cancer cells. Cytotoxicity studies for both cell lines showed that the polymer coated, drug loaded MOFs exhibited better anticancer activity compared to free paclitaxel and cisplatin solutions at different concentrations. (C) 2016 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

DOI 

http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpharm.2016.05.048

Systematic study of the chemical and hydrothermal stability of selected "stable" Metal Organic Frameworks

K. Leus, T. Bogaerts, J. De Decker, H. Depauw, K. Hendrickx, H. Vrielinck, V. Van Speybroeck, P. Van der Voort
Microporous and Mesoporous Materials
226, 110-116
2016
A1

Abstract 

In this work, the hydrothermal and chemical stability towards acids, bases, air, water and peroxides of Metal Organic Frameworks, that are commonly considered to be stable, is presented. As a proof of stability both the crystallinity and porosity are measured before and after exposure to the stress test. The major part of the MOFs examined in this study showed a good hydrothermal stability except for the UiO-67, NH2-MIL-101 (Al) and CuBTC material. The chemical stability towards acids and bases show a similar tendency and an ordering can be proposed as: MIL-101(Cr)>NH2-UiO-66>UiO-66>UiO-67>NH2-MIL-53>MIL-53(Al)>ZIF-8>CuBTC>NH2-MIL-101(Al). In the tests with the H2O2 solution most materials behaved poorly, only the UiO-66 and NH2-UiO-66 framework showed a good stability.

DOI 

http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.micromeso.2015.11.055

Understanding Intrinsic Light Absorption Properties of UiO- 66 Frameworks: A Combined Theoretical and Experimental Study

K. Hendrickx, D.E.P. Vanpoucke, K. Leus, K. Lejaeghere, A. Van Yperen-De Deyne, V. Van Speybroeck, P. Van der Voort, K. Hemelsoet
Inorganic Chemistry
54, 22, 10701-10710
2015
A1

Abstract 

A combined theoretical and experimental study is performed in order to elucidate the effects of linker functional groups on the photoabsorption properties of UiO-66-type materials. This study, in which both mono- and di-functionalized linkers (with X= -OH, -NH2, -SH) are studied, aims to obtain a more complete picture on the choice of functionalization. Static Time-Dependent Density Functional Theory (TD-DFT) calculations combined with Molecular Dynamics simulations are performed on the linkers and compared to experimental UV/VIS spectra, in order to understand the electronic effects governing the absorption spectra. Di-substituted linkers show larger shifts compared to mono-substituted variants, making them promising candidates for further study as photocatalysts. Next, the interaction between the linker and the inorganic part of the framework is theoretically investigated using a cluster model. The proposed Ligand-to-Metal-Charge Transfer (LMCT) is theoretically observed and is influenced by the differences in functionalization. Finally, computed electronic properties of the periodic UiO-66 materials reveal that the band gap can be altered by linker functionalization and ranges from 4.0 down to 2.2 eV. Study of the periodic Density of States (DOS) allows to explain the band gap modulations of the framework in terms of a functionalization-induced band in the band gap of the original UiO-66 host.

DOI 

http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.inorgchem.5b01593

Au@UiO-66: a base free oxidation catalyst

K. Leus, P. Concepcion, M. Vandichel, M. Meledina, A. Grirrane, D. Esquivel, S. Turner, D. Poelman, M. Waroquier, V. Van Speybroeck, G. Van Tendeloo, H. Garcia, P. Van der Voort
RSC Advances
5 (29), 22334–22342
2015
A1

Abstract 

We present the in situ synthesis of Au nanoparticles within the Zr based Metal Organic Framework, UiO-66. The resulting Au@UiO-66 materials were characterized by means of N2 sorption, XRPD, UV-Vis, XRF, XPS and TEM analysis. The Au nanoparticles (NP) are homogeneously distributed along the UiO-66 host matrix when using NaBH4 or H2 as reducing agents. The Au@UiO-66 materials were evaluated as catalysts in the oxidation of benzyl alcohol and benzyl amine employing O2 as oxidant. The Au@MOF materials exhibit a very high selectivity towards the ketone (up to 100 %). Regenerability and stability tests demonstrate that the Au@UiO-66 catalyst can be recycled with a negligible loss of Au species and no loss of crystallinity. In situ IR measurements of UiO-66 and Au@UiO-66-NaBH4, before and after treatment with alcohol, showed an increase in IR bands that can be assigned to a combination of physisorbed and chemisorbed alcohol species. This was confirmed by velocity power spectra obtained from the molecular dynamics simulations. Active peroxo and oxo species on Au could be visualized with Raman analysis.

Open Access version available at UGent repository

DOI 

http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/C4RA16800C

Vanadium Metal-Organic Frameworks: Structures and Applications

P. Van der Voort, K. Leus, Y-Y Liu, M. Vandichel, V. Van Speybroeck, M. Waroquier, S. Biswas
New Journal of Chemistry
38, 1853-1867
2014
A1

Abstract 

This perspective review paper describes the V-containing Metal-Organic Framworks that have been developed since the first systematic reports on MOFs almost 15 years ago. These hybrid crystalline materials, containing V(III) or V(IV) as metal nodes show interesting behaviour in oxidation catalysis and gas sorption. A significant amount of papers has appeared on the use of these structures in gas (hydrocarbon, CO2) separation. Promising future research and development of V-MOFs is suggested.

Open Access version available at UGent repository

DOI 

http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/C3NJ01130E

New Functionalized Metal–Organic Frameworks MIL-47-X (X = −Cl, −Br, −CH3, −CF3, −OH, −OCH3): Synthesis, Characterization, and CO2 Adsorption Properties

S. Biswas, D.E.P. Vanpoucke, T. Verstraelen, M. Vandichel, S. Couck, K. Leus, Y-Y Liu, M. Waroquier, V. Van Speybroeck, J.F.M. Denayer, P. Van der Voort
Journal of Physical Chemistry C
117 (44), 22784–22796
2013
A1

Abstract 

Six new functionalized vanadium hydroxo terephthalates [VIII(OH)(BDC-X)]•n(guests) (MIL-47(VIII)-X-AS) (BDC = 1,4-benzenedicarboxylate; X = -Cl; -Br, -CH3, -CF3, -OH, -OCH3; AS = as-synthesized) along with the parent MIL-47 were synthesized under rapid microwave-assisted hydrothermal conditions (170 ºC, 30 min, 150 W). The unreacted H2BDC-X and/or occluded solvent molecules can be removed by thermal activation under vacuum leading to the empty-pore forms of the title compounds (MIL-47(VIV)-X). Except pristine MIL-47 (+III oxidation state), the vanadium atoms in all the evacuated functionalized solids stayed in +IV oxidation state. The phase purity of the compounds was ascertained by X-ray powder diffraction (XRPD), diffuse reflectance infrared Fourier transform (DRIFT) spectroscopy, Raman, thermogravimetric (TG), and elemental analysis. The structural similarity of the filled and empty-pore forms of the functionalized compounds with the respective forms of parent MIL-47 was verified by cell parameter determination from XRPD data. TGA and temperature-dependent XRPD (TDXRPD) experiments in air atmosphere indicate high thermal stability in the range 330-385 ºC. All the thermally activated compounds exhibit significant microporosity (SLangmuir in the range 418-1104 m2 g-1), as verified by the N2 and CO2 sorption analysis. Among the six functionalized compounds, MIL-47(VIV)-OCH3 shows the highest CO2 uptake, demonstrating the determining role of functional groups on the CO2 sorption behaviour. For this compound and pristine MIL-47(VIV), Widom particle insertion simulations were performed based on ab initio calculated crystal structures. The theoretical Henry coefficients show a good agreement with the experimental values, and calculated isosurfaces for the local excess chemical potential indicate the enhanced CO2 affinity is due to two effects: (i) the interaction between the methoxy group and CO2 and (ii) the collapse of the MIL-47(VIV)-OCH3 framework.

DOI 

http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/jp406835n

Bimetallic–Organic Framework as a Zero-Leaching Catalyst in the Aerobic Oxidation of Cyclohexene

Y-Y Liu, K. Leus, T. Bogaerts, K. Hemelsoet, E. Bruneel, V. Van Speybroeck, P. Van der Voort
ChemCatChem
5 (12), 3657–3664
2013
A1

Abstract 

A gallium 2,2′-bipyridine-5,5′-dicarboxylate metal–organic framework (MOF), denoted as COMOC-4, has been synthesized by solvothermal synthesis. This MOF exhibits the same topology as MOF-253. CuCl2 was incorporated into COMOC-4 by a post-synthetic modification (PSM). The spectroscopic absorption properties of the MOF framework before and after PSM were compared with theoretical data obtained by employing molecular dynamics combined with time-dependent DFT calculations on both the as-synthesized and functionalized linker. The catalytic behavior of the resulting Cu2+@COMOC-4 material was evaluated in the aerobic oxidation of cyclohexene with isobutyraldehyde as a co-oxidant. In addition, the catalytic performance of Cu2+@COMOC-4 was compared with that of the commercially available Cu-BTC (BTC=benzene-1,3,5-tricarboxylate) MOF. Cu2+@COMOC-4 exhibits a good cyclohexene conversion and an excellent selectivity towards cyclohexene oxide in comparison to the Cu-based reference catalyst. Furthermore, no leaching of the active Cu sites was observed during at least four consecutive runs.

DOI 

http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cctc.201300529

Ti-functionalized NH2-MIL-47: an effective and stable epoxidation catalyst

K. Leus, G. Vanhaelewyn, T. Bogaerts, Y-Y Liu, F. Esquivel, F. Callens, G.B. Marin, V. Van Speybroeck, H. Vrielinck, P. Van der Voort
Catalysis Today
208, 97-105
2013
A1

Abstract 

In this paper, we describe the post-functionalization of a V-containing Metal-organic framework with TiO(acac)2 to create a bimetallic oxidation catalyst. The catalytic performance of this V/Ti-MOF was examined for the oxidation of cyclohexene using molecular oxygen as oxidant in combination with cyclohexanecarboxaldehyde as co-oxidant. A significantly higher cyclohexene conversion was observed for the bimetallic catalyst compared to the non-functionalized material. Moreover, the catalyst could be recycled at least 3 times without loss of activity and stability. No detectable leaching of V or Ti was noted. Electron paramagnetic resonance measurements were performed to monitor the fraction of V-ions in the catalyst in the +IV valence state. A reduction of this fraction by ∼17% after oxidation catalysis is observed, in agreement with the generally accepted mechanism for this type of reaction.

DOI 

http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cattod.2012.09.037

Catalytic Performance of Vanadium MIL-47 and Linker-Substituted Variants in the Oxidation of Cyclohexene: A Combined Theoretical and Experimental Approach

M. Vandichel, S. Biswas, K. Leus, J. Paier, J. Sauer, T. Verstraelen, P. Van der Voort, M. Waroquier, V. Van Speybroeck
ChemPlusChem
79 (8), 1183–1197
2014
A1

Abstract 

The epoxidation of cyclohexene has been investigated on a metal–organic framework MIL-47 containing saturated V+IV sites linked with functionalized terephthalate linkers (MIL-47-X, X=OH, F, Cl, Br, CH3, NH2). Experimental catalytic tests have been performed on the MIL-47-X materials to elucidate the effect of linker substitution on the conversion. Notwithstanding the fact that these substituted materials are prone to leaching in the performed catalytic tests, the initial catalytic activity of these materials correlates with the Hammett substituent constants. In general, substituents led to an increased activity relative to the parent MIL-47. To rationalize the experimental findings, first-principles kinetic calculations were performed on periodic models of MIL-47 to determine the most important active sites by creating defect structures in the interior of the crystalline material. In a next step these defect structures were used to propose extended cluster models, which are able to reproduce in an adequate way the direct environment of the active metal site. An alkylperoxo species V+VO(OOtBu) was identified as the most abundant and therefore the most active epoxidation site. The structure of the most active site was a starting basis for the construction of extended cluster models including substituents. They were used for quantifying the effect of functionalization of the linkers on the catalytic performance of the heterogeneous catalyst MIL-47-X. Electron-withdrawing as well as electron-donating groups have been considered. The epoxidation activity of the functionalized models has been compared with the measured experimental conversion of cyclohexene. The agreement is fairly good. This combined experimental–theoretical study makes it possible to elucidate the structure of the most active site and to quantify the electronic modulating effects of linker substituents on the catalytic activity.

DOI 

http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cplu.201402007

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