Readily tuneable porosity and redox properties of covalent organic frameworks (COFs) result in highly customizable photocatalysts featuring extended electronic delocalization. However, fast charge recombination in COFs severely limits their photocatalytic activities. Herein a new mode of COF photocatalyst design strategy to introduce systematic trap states is programmed, which aids the formation and stabilization of long-lived charge-separated excitons. Installing cationic acridinium functionality in a pristine electron-rich triphenylamine COF via postsynthetic modification resulted in a semiconducting photocatalytic donor–acceptor dyad network that performed rapid and efficient oxidative Diels-Alder type [4+2] annulation of styrenes and alkynes to fused aromatic compounds under the atmospheric condition in good to excellent yields. Large mesopores of ≈4 nm diameter ensured efficient mass flow within the COF channel. It is confirmed that the catalytic performance of COF originates from the ultra-stable charge-separated excitons of 1.9 nm diameter with no apparent radiative charge-recombination pathway, endorsing almost a million times better photo-response and catalysis than the state-of-the-art.
Abstract